Hanna-instruments HI 903 Manual de usuario descargar pdf (Pagina 195)

TITRATION THEORY

Contents

1 GENERAL REVIEW OF TITRATION THEORY ............................................................................. 5

1.1 Introduction to Titrations .................................................................................................. 5

1.2 Uses of Titrations .............................................................................................................. 5

1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Titrations .................................................................... 6

2 TYPES OF TITRATION ........................................................................................................... 7

2.1 Titrations According to The Measurement Method ............................................................. 7

2.1.1 Amperometric Titrations .......................................................................................................... 7

2.1.2 Potentiometric Titrations ......................................................................................................... 7

2.1.3 Spectrophotometric Titrations .................................................................................................. 8

2.2 Titrations According to The Reaction Type ........................................................................ 9

2.2.1 Karl Fischer Titration............................................................................................................... 9

2.2.1.1 History of Karl Fischer Titrations............................................................................................... 9

2.2.1.2 Visual Indication of Karl Fischer Titrations ................................................................................. 10

2.2.1.3 Electrometric Indication of Karl Fischer Titrations ....................................................................... 10

2.2.2 Acid - Base Titrations .............................................................................................................. 11

2.2.3 Argentometric Titrations .......................................................................................................... 12

2.2.4 Complexometric Titrations ....................................................................................................... 12

2.2.5 Ion Selective Titrations ............................................................................................................ 13

2.2.6 Non-aqueous Solvent Acid - Base Titrations............................................................................... 13

2.2.7 Precipitation Titrations ............................................................................................................ 14

2.2.8 Redox Titrations ..................................................................................................................... 14

2.3 Titrations According to The Titration Sequence ................................................................ 15

2.3.1 Back Titrations ....................................................................................................................... 15

2.3.2 Multiple End Point Titrations .................................................................................................... 15

3 INTRODUCTION TO TITRATION APPARATUS AND TYPICAL TITRATION PROCEDURE ................ 17

3.1 Manual Titration ............................................................................................................... 17

3.2 Automatic Titration .......................................................................................................... 18

4 TITRATION RESULTS .......................................................................................................... 19

4.1 Accuracy .......................................................................................................................... 19

4.2 Repeatability .................................................................................................................... 19

4.3 Sources of Error ............................................................................................................... 19

4.3.1 Sampling Errors ..................................................................................................................... 19

4.3.2 Errors with Titrant and Standard .............................................................................................. 19

4.3.2.1 Preparation Errors .................................................................................................................. 19

4.3.2.2 Dispensing Errors ................................................................................................................... 20

4.3.3 Chemical Reaction Errors .................................................................................................. 20

4.3.4 End Point Determination Errors ........................................................................................ 20

5 CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................................. 21

5.1 Equations Used in Karl Fischer Titrations ........................................................................... 21

5.1.1 Calculation of water content as % mass from samples measured by mass.................................... 21

5.1.2 Calculation of water content as % mass from samples measured by volume ................................. 21

5.1.3 Calculation of water content as % volume from samples measured by volume .............................. 21

5.1.4 Calculation of water content subtracting Background Drift Rate .................................................... 21

5.1.5 Calculation of water content in external dissolutions samples ...................................................... 22

5.1.6 Calculation of water content in external extraction samples ......................................................... 22

5.1.7 Calculation of water content in gaseous samples ....................................................................... 22

5.1.8 Calculation of Titer (water equivalent of the titrant) using sodium tartrate dihydrate containing 15.66% water

by mass................................................................................................................................. 22

5.1.9 Calculation of Titer (water equivalent of the titrant) using water standards ................................... 23

5.2 Equations Used in Titrations ............................................................................................. 23

5.2.1 Sample Calculation ................................................................................................................. 23

5.2.2 Standardize Titrant ................................................................................................................. 23

5.2.3 Blank Titration ........................................................................................................................ 24

5.2.4 Multiple End Point Titration ...................................................................................................... 24

5.2.5 Back Titration ......................................................................................................................... 25

6 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ 26

1 2 ... 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 ... 221 222

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Hanna-instruments HI 903 Manual de usuario Pagina 195

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